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Salt comes with an interface to derive information about the underlying system.This is called the grains interface, because it presents salt with grains ofinformation. Grains are collected for the operating system, domain name,IP address, kernel, OS type, memory, and many other system properties.

The grains interface is made available to Salt modules and components so thatthe right salt minion commands are automatically available on the rightsystems.

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Grain data is relatively static, though if system information changes(for example, if network settings are changed), or if a new value is assignedto a custom grain, grain data is refreshed.

Note

Grains resolve to lowercase letters. For example, FOO, and footarget the same grain.

Listing Grains¶

Available grains can be listed by using the 'grains.ls' module:

Grains data can be listed by using the 'grains.items' module:

Using grains in a state¶

To use a grain in a state you can access it via {{ grains['key'] }}.

Grains in the Minion Config¶

Grains can also be statically assigned within the minion configuration file.Just add the option grains and pass options to it:

Then status data specific to your servers can be retrieved via Salt, or usedinside of the State system for matching. It also makes it possible to target based on specific data about your deployment, as in the example above.

Grains in /etc/salt/grains¶

If you do not want to place your custom static grains in the minion configfile, you can also put them in /etc/salt/grains on the minion. They are configured in thesame way as in the above example, only without a top-level grains: key:

Note

Grains in /etc/salt/grains are ignored if you specify the same grains in the minion config.

Note

Grains are static, and since they are not often changed, they will need a grains refresh when they are updated. You can do this by calling: saltminionsaltutil.refresh_modules

Note

You can equally configure static grains for Proxy Minions.As multiple Proxy Minion processes can run on the same machine, you needto index the files using the Minion ID, under /etc/salt/proxy.d/<minionID>/grains.For example, the grains for the Proxy Minion router1 can be definedunder /etc/salt/proxy.d/router1/grains, while the grains for theProxy Minion switch7 can be put in /etc/salt/proxy.d/switch7/grains.

Matching Grains in the Top File¶

With correctly configured grains on the Minion, the top file used inPillar or during Highstate can be made very efficient. For example, considerthe following configuration:

For this example to work, you would need to have defined the grainrole for the minions you wish to match.

Writing Grains¶

The grains are derived by executing all of the 'public' functions (i.e. thosewhich do not begin with an underscore) found in the modules located in theSalt's core grains code, followed by those in any custom grains modules. Thefunctions in a grains module must return a Python dictionary, where the dictionary keys are the names of grains, andeach key's value is that value for that grain.

Custom grains modules should be placed in a subdirectory named _grainslocated under the file_roots specified by the master configfile. The default path would be /srv/salt/_grains. Custom grains moduleswill be distributed to the minions when state.highstate is run, or by executing thesaltutil.sync_grains orsaltutil.sync_all functions.

Grains modules are easy to write, and (as noted above) only need to return adictionary. For example:

The name of the function does not matter and will not factor into the grainsdata at all; only the keys/values returned become part of the grains.

When to Use a Custom Grain¶

Before adding new grains, consider what the data is and remember that grainsshould (for the most part) be static data.

If the data is something that is likely to change, consider using Pillar or an execution module instead. If it's a simple set ofkey/value pairs, pillar is a good match. If compiling the information requiresthat system commands be run, then putting this information in an executionmodule is likely a better idea.

Good candidates for grains are data that is useful for targeting minions in thetop file or the Salt CLI. The name and data structure ofthe grain should be designed to support many platforms, operating systems orapplications. Also, keep in mind that Jinja templating in Salt supportsreferencing pillar data as well as invoking functions from execution modules,so there's no need to place information in grains to make it available to Jinjatemplates. For example:

Warning

Custom grains will not be available in the top file until after the firsthighstate. To make custom grains available on aminion's first highstate, it is recommended to use this example to ensure that the custom grains are synced whenthe minion starts.

Loading Custom Grains¶

If you have multiple functions specifying grains that are called from a mainfunction, be sure to prepend grain function names with an underscore. This preventsSalt from including the loaded grains from the grain functions in the finalgrain data structure. For example, consider this custom grain file:

The output of this example renders like so:

However, if you don't prepend the my_custom_grain function with an underscore,the function will be rendered twice by Salt in the items output: once for themy_custom_grain call itself, and again when it is called in the mainfunction:

Precedence¶

Core grains can be overridden by custom grains. As there are several ways ofdefining custom grains, there is an order of precedence which should be kept inmind when defining them. The order of evaluation is as follows:

Core grains.
Custom grains in /etc/salt/grains.
Custom grains in /etc/salt/minion.
Custom grain modules in _grains directory, synced to minions.

Each successive evaluation overrides the previous ones, so any grains definedby custom grains modules synced to minions that have the same name as a coregrain will override that core grain. Similarly, grains from/etc/salt/minion override both core grains and custom grain modules, andgrains in _grains will override any grains of the same name.

For custom grains, if the function takes an argument grains, then thepreviously rendered grains will be passed in. Because the rest of the grainscould be rendered in any order, the only grains that can be relied upon to bepassed in are core grains. This was added in the 2019.2.0 release.